FreePayrollCalc
Payroll Knowledge Base

Paycheck & Tax Guide: How Your Pay Is Calculated

Everything that touches your take-home pay — federal withholding, Social Security, Medicare, overtime, minimum wage, and state income tax — explained without the jargon. When you're ready to see your own numbers, use the paycheck calculator, try the hourly to salary converter, or compare states in our state tax comparison.

U.S. Payroll Basics

What You Need to Know About Paychecks

A quick guide to minimum wage, overtime rules, and how taxes work for workers in every state.

01

Minimum Wage

The federal minimum wage is $7.25/hr, but most states set a higher rate — and many adjust it every year. A few examples:

  • Washington$16.66/hr
  • California$16.50/hr
  • Federal baseline$7.25/hr
Tipped employees have a lower cash-wage floor set by their state (federal floor: $2.13/hr).
02

FICA Taxes (Social Security & Medicare)

Every U.S. employee pays these federal taxes. Your employer matches your contribution:

Social Security: 6.2%On wages up to $184,500 (2026) / $176,100 (2025).
Medicare: 1.45%On all earnings, no cap.
Extra Medicare: 0.9%Only if you earn over $200k (single) or $250k (married).
03

Overtime & Form W-4

Federal overtime rules apply nationwide under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):

Time-and-a-half:Non-exempt hourly workers get 1.5x pay for hours over 40 in a week.
Federal + state W-4s:You always fill out the IRS Form W-4. States with income tax may also require a state withholding form; no-tax states don't.
Payroll Knowledge Base & Take-Home Analysis

Complete Guide to Using the Paycheck Calculator

Understand your paycheck deductions, federal withholding, FICA rates, and how state income tax changes your net pay.

How the Paycheck Calculator Calculates Your Net Take-Home Pay

Every U.S. paycheck starts with gross pay and ends with a smaller number: your net take-home. Our paycheck calculator determines your exact net pay after mandatory federal income taxes and federal payroll contributions (FICA) are withheld — then applies your selected state's income tax rules on top. Nine states levy no individual income tax, while others tax progressively up to 13.3%; pick your state and the calculator handles the difference automatically.

Whether you receive a bi-weekly salary or earn an hourly wage, our tool computes your net paycheck using official IRS Publication 15-T percentage withholding methods. When reviewing your paycheck calculator after taxes, the calculation follows this sequence:

Net Pay = Gross Pay - Federal Withholding - Social Security (6.2%) - Medicare (1.45%) - State Income Tax - Pre-tax Deductions + Adjustments

On top of federal withholdings, the only other deductions on your pay stub are voluntary pre-tax retirement contributions (such as a 401k or 403b), employer health insurance premiums, and — in states that levy an income tax — state withholding. Local wage taxes (like New York City's) are applied in their jurisdictions as well.

Paycheck Calculator 2026 vs. 2025 Updates

Tax parameters adjust each year for cost-of-living and inflation. Running calculations with the 2025 versus the 2026 tax year reflects key annual changes:

  • Standard Deduction Adjustments: For single filers, the standard deduction rises from $15,000 in 2025 to approximately $15,700–$16,100 in 2026, protecting more income from federal brackets.
  • Social Security Wage Base Limit: Social Security tax (6.2%) applies up to an indexed wage cap ($176,100 in 2025, rising in 2026). Cumulative earnings above this threshold face no additional Social Security tax.
  • Federal Tax Bracket Widths: The seven federal tax brackets (10% to 37%) widen annually. An updated paycheck calculator taxes tool ensures you do not overestimate federal withholding.

State parameters change too: several states cut rates or expanded deductions for 2026, while no-tax states — Florida, Texas, Tennessee, Washington, and others — remain locked at 0.00%.

Hourly vs. Salary Paycheck Calculator

Workers across the country receive hourly wages or fixed annual salaries. Our platform operates seamlessly as an hourly paycheck calculator and a salary paycheck calculator:

Hourly Paycheck Mode

Calculates regular hours plus overtime at 1.5x under FLSA guidelines, and applies your state's minimum wage and tip-credit rules where relevant.

Salary Paycheck Mode

Designed for exempt employees. Converts annual compensation into weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly payments while simulating Form W-4 steps 2–4.

Tax Breakdown: $75,000 Salary Example

Consider a single filer earning $75,000 annually paid bi-weekly (26 paychecks) in a state with no income tax. Here is the itemized paycheck calculator tax breakdown:

ItemCalculationBi-WeeklyAnnual
Gross Pay$75,000 / 26 periods$2,884.62$75,000.00
Federal Income TaxIRS Pub 15-T-$295.00-$7,670.00
Social Security6.20% flat-$178.85-$4,650.00
Medicare1.45% flat-$41.83-$1,087.50
State Income Tax (no-tax state)0.00% rate$0.00$0.00
Net Take-Home Pay82.1% kept$2,368.94$61,592.50

In a state with income tax, add that state's withholding to the deductions above — our calculator fills that row in automatically when you switch states.

Comparing Take-Home Pay Across States

State income tax is the biggest lever on take-home pay after federal withholding. A quick survey of how states differ on a $75,000 salary:

No-Income-Tax States (Florida, Texas, Washington & more)

A texas paycheck calculator and a florida paycheck calculator both demonstrate 0% state income tax, resulting in identical baseline take-home pay on gross earnings. Tennessee, Nevada, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Washington also withhold nothing.

Flat-Tax States (Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Colorado)

An illinois paycheck calculator applies a flat 4.95% state income tax — about $3,712 annually on $75,000 (after deductions). Michigan sits at 4.25%, Pennsylvania at 3.07%, and Colorado at 4.40%.

Progressive-Tax States (California, New York, Oregon, Maryland)

A california paycheck calculator reflects brackets reaching 13.3%, while new york reaches 10.9% (plus NYC city tax). Oregon tops out near 9.9%, and Maryland combines 2%–5.75% rates with county taxes averaging ~8% combined.

State TypeState Tax RateState Tax on $75kDifference vs No-Tax
No-tax states (FL, TX, WA...)0.00%$0Baseline ($0 tax)
Pennsylvania3.07% flat~$2,030-$2,030
Michigan4.25% flat~$3,187-$3,187
Illinois4.95% flat~$3,712-$3,712
Colorado4.40% flat~$3,300-$3,300
Maryland2.0% – 5.75% (+ local)~$5,450-$5,450
Oregon4.75% – 9.90%~$5,600-$5,600

Why Bookmark This Paycheck Calculator?

Whether budgeting for a new home, evaluating job offers in another state, or forecasting bonus withholdings, keeping this paycheck calculator bookmarked provides ongoing value:

  • Pre-Tax Retirement Optimization: Every dollar contributed to a traditional 401(k), 403(b), or HSA reduces federal (and often state) taxable income. Use the calculator to test dollar amounts versus percentage contributions.
  • Form W-4 Withholding Precision: Claim dependents ($2,000 tax credit per qualifying child) and enter other deductions directly into Steps 3 and 4 to optimize bi-weekly take-home cash flow.
  • Relocation & Job-Offer Comparisons: Switch the state selector to instantly see how the same salary nets out in a new city or state before you accept an offer.
  • Printable Earnings Statements: Click "Pay Stub" after any calculation to generate an itemized, printable earnings statement formatted for your personal records.

FreePayrollCalc is private, fast, and completely free. All tax estimations execute locally inside your browser without storing or transmitting personal wage details.